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Migration Flows, CDS, CSR and Sustainability.

Andrea Cilloni
Department of Economics and Management, University of
Parma, Italy.
Azio Barani
Department of Law, University of Parma, Italy.

According to Gavonel et al. (2021), migration is a key element
driving sustainable outcomes (Rees et al., 2006; Cobbinas et
al., 2015). Migration is a key feature of a more interconnected
world. The number of people who immigrate to live and work
permanently in another country is increasing. With it, diversity
based on national origin in the labor market is increasing, and
migrant workers now constitute around 5% of the global la-
bor force (OECD, 2019; ILO, 2020). The European Union and
North America are among the leading destinations for migrant
workers due to their economic prosperity and better life and
employment opportunities. On the other hand, the host coun-
tries benefit from an increased supply of talent and workforce
in sectors with labor shortages.
Despite significant concerns about its economic and
social implications, the movement of people across the world’s
borders boosts global productivity. The countries that prioritize
integration stand to make the most of this potential—impro-
ving outcomes for their own economies and societies as well
as for immigrants themselves.
More than 90 percent of the world’s 247 million
cross-border migrants moved voluntarily, usually for economic
reasons. The remaining 10 percent are refugees and asylum
seekers who have fled to another country to escape conflict
and persecution. Roughly half of these 24 million refugees
and asylum seekers are in the Middle East and North Afri-
ca, reflecting the dominant pattern of flight to a neighboring
country. But the recent surge of arrivals in Europe focused the
developed world’s attention on this issue.
Roughly half of the world’s migrants have moved from
developing to developed countries, where immigration is a key

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