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ges caused a vital anxiety and search for new answers – we
mean, of course, the dissemination of new renewable sources
of electric power generation and the growing conscience that
a moral imperative hangs over the industry, to provide a strong
contribution to the fight against climate change.
Power Systems 4.0 is now being understood as the
materialization of cyber-physical digital systems. Some of
the characteristic traits include: pervasive sensing, global as-
set interconnection by IoT technologies, big data, analytics e
cloud resources, massive and intensive simulation and artifi-
cial intelligence progressively in closed loop. There is a chain
becoming more robust every day, that starts with sensors and
communications, and invokes intelligence to generate deci-
sion and trigger action.

Intelligence

What makes a model/system be recognized as intelligent?

One simple explanation would define “an intelligent
system as a (usually computational) system that makes repre-
sentations, interpretation and reasoning based on data”. This,
however, is a rather vague and incomplete definition. After the
work of Alan Turing, it became a scientific norm that the fo-
llowing sentence should be added: “imitating of mimicking the
human cognitive process”.
But this is still insufficient – we do not know enough
about the human cognitive process. Something somewhat
more measurable was needed. We therefore submit that the
following sentence should be added to the previous ones: “…
able to navigate in a field of uncertainty, resorting to the pro-
duction of reasonable decisions, even if with incomplete infor-
mation”.
In fact, this places the burden of proof in the results –
decisions. It is the product, not the process, that defines what
is intelligence and what is not.

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